General
Interest
The
Biology Project An online interactive resource for learning Biology.
Tree
of Life This site contains an evolutionary tree that distinguishes
organisms by the primitiveness of their traits—of the known living organisms
of the world. Begin an investigation of a particular group of organisms
by selecting taxonomic categories at the higher end of the hierarchy and
working down to the more specific categories. At each level, there is an
introduction to the group, a discussion of the group and its characteristics,
and references as well as illustrations for many taxonomic groups.
AP
Biology Links Links specifically developed for
AP Biology at Longwood High School.
Athro,
Limited These pages are intended as an introduction to the key ideas
of biology at an advanced high school or introductory college level.
BioInteractive
Interactive Biology Labs from Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Holiday
Lecture Series from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Since 1993
the Holiday Lectures on Science have been presented annually for high school
students. Organized by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute the lectures
give students and teachers the opportunity to learn about cutting edge
research from some of the world's leading scientists.
BioMedia
- Learning programs for Biology This site is has a gallery of interesting
articles and photos dealing with a number of topics in biology.
Human
Anatomy On-line Is the place for fun, interactive and educational views
of the human body.
Virtual
Frog Dissection This award winning interactive program is part of the
"Whole Frog" project. You can interactively dissect a (digitized) frog
named Fluffy, make movies, and play the Virtual Frog Builder Game. The
interactive Web pages are available in a number of languages.
Interactive
Frog Dissection The purpose of this lab activity is to help you learn
the anatomy of a frog and give you a better understanding of the anatomy
of vertebrate animals in general, including humans. Produced by the University
of Virginia
Virtual
Hospital The Virtual Hospital is a digital health sciences library
created in 1992 at the University of Iowa to help meet the information
needs of health care providers and patients. The goal of the Virtual Hospital
digital library is to make the Internet a useful medical reference and
health promotion tool for health care providers and patients.
Why
Files Using news and current events as a springboard to explore
science and the larger issues it raises, The Why Files attempts to show
science as a human enterprise and a way of looking at the world.
Exploratorium
Vist the Online extension of the hands on museum housed within the walls
of San Francisco's Palace of Fine Arts, the Exploratorium is a collage
of over 650 science, art, and human perception exhibits. The Exploratorium
is a leader in the movement to promote the museum as an educational center.
American
Medical Association Medical Information from the AMA
Return to
Top
 Cell
Structure and Function
Structure
and Function of Organelles This Massachusetts Institute of Biology
page has wonderful descriptions and illustrations of cell organelles.
Transport
In and Out Of Cells This site, from Estrella Mountain Community College
in Arizona, analyzes how materials move into and out of the cell. It contains
a number of excellent illustrations and animations of diffusion as well
as active and passive transport, including osmosis.
Cell
Structure The beautiful artwork of David Goodsell is available at this
Website. Click on the "Gallery" to view a small portion of a eukaryotic
cell. The thin yellow layer is the lipid portion of the plasma membrane.
If you click on the "Cellular Interiors" link, you can view an artistic
model that reaches from the cell surface to the nuclear interior, passing
through the internal membranes of a eukaryotic cell.
Lipids
This site uses effective diagrams to describe the basic structure of lipids
in cellular membranes.
Sodium-Potassium
Pump All cells must use proteins in the membrane to regulate entry
and exit of most molecules. The protein shown in this diagram helps to
maintain the proper amount of potassium and sodium ions inside the cell.
Osmosis
Movie Osmosis, the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane,
is shown in an animation at this site.
Phagocytosis
At this site you can view an amoeba eating yeast via a specialized type
of endocytosis known as phagocytosis. The yeast are stained red, and a
special protein inside the amoebae has been stained green. You can see
how the protein reorganizes as the amoeba engulfs the yeast.
Fungi
In addition to plants, bacteria, and some protists, fungi also have cell
walls. This
site provides extensive
information about fungi, including their fossil record.
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 Cell
Energy
Virtual
Cell Take a voyage into a plant cell! Cut away membranes, zoom in to
see organelles and the nucleus, then zoom in again to see the molecules
up close. If you zoom in close enough to the chloroplast, you can get an
animation of the electron transport system. For more fun, bring along your
3-D glasses and click the "anaglyph" option.
Photosynthesis
This is a wonderfully useful photosynthesis site with plenty of illustrations.
Contents include the nature of light, pigments, and stages of photosynthesis.
Be sure to visit the hyperlinks at the end.
Cellular
Metabolism and Fermentation This site contains several diagrams associated
with glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration. It also
contains some very useful links.
Return to
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 DNA
and Protein Synthesis
DNA:
Life's Instruction Manual Convert your name to a DNA sequence, face
moral dilemmas, or play "Search for the Sequence." You'll encounter all
these activities during your tour of this virtual exhibit from The Tech
Museum of Innovation in California.
The
Hershey-Chase Experiment Here's a description and diagram of the most
important thing to come from a blender since smoothies.
Rotating
DNA Model View this beautiful animation of a rotating, three-dimensional
DNA molecule created by the University of Birmingham in England.
Replication
Animation The simple animation at this site illustrates the general
process of DNA replication.
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 Cell
Division
Cell
Division: Binary Fission and Mitosis This site, from the University
of Arizona, is an illustrated lecture place on mitosis and cell division.
It contains many diagrams that may help you understand all the process
of cell division.
Studying
Cells Introduce yourself to the cell as the fundamental unit
of life and the scientific method.
The
Cell Cycle & Mitosis Understand the events that occur in
the cell cycle and the process of mitosis that divides the duplicated genetic
material creating two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis
Animation Although the diagrams here are somewhat rough, they do a
good job of showing the essential features of mitosis. Just remember that
the figures show the nucleus, not the entire cell!
Meiosis
Understand the events that occur in process of meiosis that takes place
to produce our gametes.
Prokaryotes,
Eukaryotes, & Viruses Learn about the cells that make up all living
systems, their organelles, and the differences between living cells and
viruses.
The
Cytoskeleton Learn that the cytoskeleton acts both a muscle and a skeleton,
and is responsible for cell movement, cytokinesis, and the organization
of the organelles within the cell.
Online
Onion Root Tips Estimate the amount of time cell spent in each mitotic
phase in this animated cyber-version of the chapter's lab investigation.
After completing this activity, identifying the phases of mitosis will
be a snap.
Spindle
Microtubules These amazing pictures show microtubule organization at
interphase and during several stages of mitosis. (The microtubules are
stained green, and the DNA is stained blue.)
Cytokinesis
Movie This site shows a very nice cytokinesis of a mouse cell growing
in a dish.
Amphibian
Embryology This site provides a good overview of how mitosis takes
a fertilized egg and produces an animal from it.
Return to
Top
 Mendelian
Genetics
The
Biology Project Try these interactive exercises on Mendelian genetics,
designed by the University of Arizona.
MendelWeb
Is an educational resource for teachers and students interested in the
origins of classical genetics, introductory data analysis, elementary plant
science, and the history and literature of science.
Pea
Soup A colorful interactive pea experiment highlights this Web site
about Mendel. The site also contains a summary of Mendel's discoveries,
a bibliography, and a glossary of terms. From Sonoma State University in
California.
Mystery
Bull Here's an opportunity to put your knowledge of genetics to work.
Help rancher Bob Howard figure out which of his neighbor's bulls has impregnated
his cows. Bob provides some basic information on cattle genetics to get
you started.
Virtual
Flylab Try your hand at breeding virtual fruit flies. At this interactive
site, you get to choose the characteristics of the parents and see what
their offspring will look like. See if you can figure out the dominance
relationships between the alleles for a few of the traits by making crosses.
Return to
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 Genes
and Chromosomes
The
Human Transcript Map Which genes are linked? Pick any of the human
chromosomes, and learn the famous genes that have been linked to them.
This is a terrific and colorful site from the National Center for Biotechnology
Information.
Human
Genome Program This site is part of a larger international effort to
characterize the genomes of humans and several model organisms.
The
Beauty of Mutations DNA, how can I change thee? Let this page from
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology count the ways.
National
Center for Biotechnology Information Established in 1988 as a national
resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases,
conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for
analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information - all for
the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health
and disease.
Return to
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 Gene
Mutations and Genetic Testing
Karyotyping
Activity Try matching up pairs of human chromosomes in this interactive
activity. This tutorial from The Biology Project at the University of Arizona
will ask you to diagnose three patients based on the karyotypes you assemble.
Hereditary
Disease Foundation Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant genetic
disorder. The disease makes its presence known in middle age, when it leads
to a general breakdown of the nervous system. Find basic references on
Huntington disease at this site.
National
Down Syndrome Society The official page of the NDSS acts as a clearinghouse
of information for people interested in Down Syndrome.
Prenatal
Diagnostic Testing Part of a large, baby-centric site, this link gives
a brief overview of the different kinds of prenatal diagnostic testing
available.
Human
Chromosomes This is a fabulous site that shows karyotypes (chromosomes)
from a variety of individuals.
Primate
Cytogenetics Network Serves as a resource for the collection and distribution
of primate cytogenetic information on the World Wide Web.
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Genetic Engineering
Hello,
Dolly Online science magazine The Why Files investigates the science
of cloning—how Dolly was created, who else paved the way for this ewe with
three mothers, and the potential applications of cloning. And hey, is Dolly
an exact replica of her genetic predecessor Belinda? Read this fascinating
and fun article, and form your own opinion.
DNA
I.D. How do you make a DNA fingerprint? This page comes from an article
on forensic science by online science magazine The Why Files. It briefly
describes the procedure used, identifies related problems, and gives further
references for a more detailed explanation.
Mice
& Men: Making the Most of Our Similarities Learn how the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory has engineered mice to model sickle-cell anemia, cleft
palate, diabetes, and obesity. This article is sprinkled with pictures
and quotes from the scientists who created these rodents.
Return to
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 Human
Biology - Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Basic
Neural Processes Tutorials These tutorials from Hanover College illustrate
several concepts, and includes links for physical factors behind the action
potential. You can also take a quiz on the structure of the neuron.
Seeing,
Hearing, and Smelling the World Link to an outstanding report on current
research of the senses. This Howard Hughes Medical Institute site includes
comprehensive introductory information about the senses through a series
of fascinating articles and illustrations.
Hormones:
Sources, Targets, and Functions Here's a list of hormones, their sources,
what they affect, and what they do, compiled by the University of Virginia.
Neuroscience
for Kids Is for elementary and secondary school students and teachers
who would like to learn more about the nervous system.
Virtual
Anatomy Textbook: The Nervous System
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Human Biology - Locomotion
The
Interactive Knee Click on a bone, muscle, or other tissue of the knee
and get a description of its functions and actions. This interactive joint
resource was created by the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center.
Muscles
In Action What's the difference between abduction and adduction? Learn
the names of body movements, then see how these movements are accomplished
by viewing movies and photographs of the body in action. Created by the
University of Michigan.
The
Integumentary System This review of the skin and its associated structures
is hyperlinked to glossary terms. It comes from Michael Farabee at Maricopa
Community College.
Bone
Up On Bones This site explores the marvel of the skeletal system, highlights
healthy bones as the key to overall human health, and offers tips for preventing
osteoporosis-related bone fractures that ultimately will affect as many
as one out of every two women and one in five men.
Return to
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 Human
Biology - Digestion
Your
Digestive System and How It Works This fact sheet describes the muscle
movements, secretions, control, and methods of digestion. It comes from
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, a
division of the National Institutes of Health.
The
Calorie Burner How many calories does your favorite workout burn per
minute? How long would you have to rollerblade to burn 200 calories if
you weighed 150 pounds? What if you were just shopping? Use this online
calculator from the Chicago Tribune Fitness Files to help you work out
your exercise routine. Check out Fitness Fundamentals and Get Active for
more fitness advice.
Food
and Nutrition Information Center This site includes studies and statistics
done on food and nutrition, as well as the homepage for healthy school
meals and a page for food safety. Since the page is government operated,
viewers can expect accurate and updated information.
Virtual
Anatomy Textbook: The Digestive System
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Human Biology - Respiration
American
Lung Association The American Lung Association's Web site has information
on asthma, environmental health, lung diseases, and smoking. They also
maintain a library of news releases and fact sheets.
National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Home Page This is the home
page for one of the most important arms of the National Institutes of Health.
It contains links to ongoing research, health information, and educational
sites. Well worth a visit!
Return to
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 Human
Biology - Circulation and Excretion
The
Nephron Information Center Learn more about kidney disease, dialysis,
and transplantation through NIC's extensive collection of links. You can
find out regional information on dialysis or kidney transplants, or take
a look at a virtual dialysis machine.
Cut
to the Heart Learn about the history of heart surgery, view diseased
hearts, and see an animation of how blood flows through a beating heart
at this excellent NOVA website.
The
Heart Preview Gallery Wander through this on-line exhibit from The
Franklin Institute, and explore heart development, structure, health, and
history. Scroll to the bottom of the page and click the beating heart to
begin an online exploration of the heart or click
here to go there directly.
The
American Heart Association What's your risk for heart disease? What
does the latest research tell us about our cardiovascular health? Learn
about heart diseases and strokes from the organization committed to public
awareness and research of these two health problems.
Cardiovascular
Diseases Covers basic heart and vessel anatomy, cardiovascular problems
and treatments, and three-dimensional modeling of the heart.
Introduction
to Cardiothoracic Imaging Is a detailed interactive program that offers
a broad overview of chest and cardiac diagnostic imaging. It includes more
than 1,200 images, including digitized X-ray images.
Virtual
Anatomy Textbook: The Lymphatic System Provides basic information about
the various organs of the lymphatic system: functions, histology, diagrams,
everything about it!
Blood
Clotting When blood vessels are cut or damaged, the loss of blood from
the system must be stopped before shock and possible death occur. This
site reviews the process called coagulation or clotting.
Return to
Top
 Reproduction
and Development
Human
Aging: How We Grow What would a human embryo look like next to a pin?
What types of vision problems do humans experience in old age, and why?
How does muscle mass and metabolic rate change as we age? This feature
article from the Electronic Newspaper of the American Museum of Natural
History is well-illustrated with helpful animations and diagrams of the
changes we experience throughout our lifetime.
Embryo
Development Take a look at the overview to see what happens during
each of the 38 weeks of human development. The stages are described with
text and illustrations, as is the formation of the nervous system, heart,
eyes, and ears. This resource is from the University of Pennsylvania Health
System.
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Human Biology - Immunity
Immunology
Tutorial This well-illustrated tutorial will walk you through non-specific,
humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, and then quiz you on what you've learned.
It comes from the University of Arizona's Biology Project.
Anatomy
of a Splinter Take a look at animations and microscopic footage of
white blood cells finding, eating, and killing bacteria. These movies and
illustrations are from Cells Alive.
Antibody
Production Cells Alive provides this helpful animation and description
of how bacteria stimulate B and T cells to produce protective antibodies.
American
Autoimmune Related Diseases Association As powerful as the immune system
is, it can be particularly dangerous when it turns its weapons against
the body itself. This site contains important information on a number of
autoimmune diseases, including lupus and multiple sclerosis.
JAMA
HIV/AIDS Information Center This is an excellent information center
on HIV and AIDS, sponsored by the Journal of the American Medical Association.
It contains a great deal of highly technical information, and parts of
it are intended for medical specialists. However, you will find it a great
source of up-to-date, authoritative information and an excellent resource
for answering your questions.
The
Bad Bug Book Was it something you ate? Check out this Food and Drug
Administration reference on the bacteria, viruses, and protozoans that
cause food-transmitted illnesses.
What
the Heck Is an Allergy? This site provides a very simple description
of the mechanism of allergies.
National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases One of the National Institutes
of Health, NIAID is a major sponsor of the research and treatment of allergic
and infectious diseases. Their home page contains information on disease,
treatment, and education programs.
Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention This home page for the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention is overflowing with information about a
plethora of different diseases. The site also includes a page dealing with
tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. Also included is a link to the National Center
for Health Statistics, which provides charts, graphs, and tables of statistical
information.
Lung
Cancer Information The leading cause of death from cancer among men
and women is now lung cancer. What causes lung cancer? Smoking. Ninety
percent of lung cancer deaths are smoking-related.
OncoLink:
Lung Cancer Based at the University of Pennsylvania, this site explores
the latest information on lung cancer and its relationship to smoking.
Penicillin
Typically, bacteria have cell walls, and antibiotics such as penicillin
can kill bacteria by interfering with their ability to manufacture their
walls. The movie shown here demonstrates what happens to bacteria when
they cannot properly build a cell wall. The sound effects are, of course,
not real. Other links on this page provide additional information about
antibiotics.
Internet
Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education Electronic resource that
includes over 1900 images along with text, tutorials, laboratory exercises,
and examination items for self-assessment that demonstrate gross and microscopic
pathologic findings associated with human disease conditions.
Return to
Top
 Ecology
What's
It Like Where You Live? An exceptionally rich and colorful site that
explores the tundra, taiga, rainforest, desert, grassland, and temperate
deciduous forest biomes of the world. Find out where these biomes are located
and the names of plants and animals that live in them. This exhibit from
the Missouri Botanical Garden is accompanied by many illustrations of the
landscape and life of these biomes.
EPA
Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds This government office works
with various partner organizations to protect America's water resources.
Here you can learn more about the EPA's five-star wetlands restoration
program, national estuary program, or other programs for oceans and coasts.
Tour
of Biomes This site offers great pictures and facts about all the different
types of biomes on Earth.
Nutrient
Cycling Have you noticed how one thing in the forest feeds another?
This site takes you underground, where you can learn more about microbial
components of nutrient cycles.
Modeling
Population Growth This site uses differential equations to show limits
on growth. If you are motivated to learn more about the use of mathematics
in ecology, these interactive modules on population growth are for you.
Biological
Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America Agriculturists
use their knowledge of community interactions to control pesky organisms,
pitting predators or parasites against undesirable insects and plants.
This online handbook at Cornell University currently includes individual
pages of approximately 100 natural enemies of pest species. It also provides
a tutorial on the concept and practice of biological control and integrated
pest management.
Desert
USA Everything you ever wanted to know about deserts.
The
Yucca Plant and the Yucca Moth The relationship between this plant
and insect is an example of coevolution. Read more about this interaction,
how it evolved, and how it was discovered in this article from the Kansas
State Naturalist.
Ecosystems
of Our World Ten categories of biomes or ecosystem types, including
marine island and mountaintop types, are featured in this site.
SeaWeb
This is a great site for exploring the oceans via the web. Check out the
links from this site (professional and popular) that are concerned with
ocean issues. These sites range from fisheries organizations to conservation
groups.
Tropical
Rainforest in Suriname A virtual tour through the rainforest in Suriname
(SA). Read about plants, animals, Indians and Maroons.
Bears
This web site is dedicated to contributing to a comprehensive understanding
of all members of the URSIDAE (bear) family.
World
POPClock Projection What is the estimated human population right now?
The International Programs Center of the U.S. Census Bureau will estimate
it for you the moment you click on this link. It will also tell you how
much the population is expected to increase in the next 12 months.
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 Evolution
Darwin
and Evolution Overview A sketch of Darwin's contribution to evolution
and historical overview of the development of evolutionary thought.
Introduction
to Evolutionary Biology This very complete, though sometimes advanced,
introduction to evolution includes discussions of: common misconceptions,
genetic variation, natural selection, sexual selection, genetic drift,
mutation, recombination, gene flow, and speciation, extinction, and punctuated
equilibrium.
Paleontology
Without Walls This is a great site for evolutionary biology. It includes
three areas: Phylogeny - The "Family Tree" of Life, Geological Time, and
Evolutionary Thought. By following the Evolutionary Thought link, you can
find information about a number of scientists who have made historical
contributions to evolutionary theory, including Buffon, Cuvier, Lamarck,
Darwin, and Malthus.
Charles
Darwin The complete texts of The Voyage of the Beagle and On the Origin
of Species are given here.
Virtual
Galapagos Explore the geography, geology, and biology of Galapagos
Islands, where Darwin made many of the observations which led him to develop
his theory of evolution by natural selection.
Natural
Selection and Genetic Drift Modeling Exercise Run simulations of natural
selection and genetic drift on different organisms, including peppered
moths, showing how allele frequencies will change.
Past
Extinction This section of the Bagheera Endangered Species Classroom
presents a nice discussion of biodiversity and extinction. It distinguishes
among different "types" of extinction, discusses mass extinction, and presents
eleven case studies, including the passenger pigeon, Pleistocene megafauna,
and Neanderthals.
Museum
of Paleontology University of California's Museum of Paleontology has
an enormous collection of on-line exhibits can be explored to learn about
the story of life on earth.
Score
One For Punk Eek This is a Scientific American Explorations Web site
that introduces a laboratory study on the rate of evolutionary change in
a species of bacteria (E. coli), lending support to the theory of punctuated
equilibrium, which states that evolution occurs in short bursts followed
by longer periods of relative stasis.
The
Beginnings of Life on Earth This American Scientist article by Christian
de Duve reviews "some of the facts and ideas that are being considered
to account for the early stages in the spontaneous emergence of life on
Earth."
Cosmic
Ancestry The series of steps necessary for the origin of cellular life
from inorganic molecules raises many questions and presents many problems.
Alternative theories have been suggested to explain the origin of life
on Earth. One of these is that life on Earth originated from outer space.
This Web site argues for that possibility.
From
Primordial Soup to the Prebiotic Beach This "Access Excellence" Web
site presents an interview with Dr. Stanley Miller, who first synthesized
amino acids in his famous 1953 experiment. Dr. Miller describes the early
prebiotic experiments that led to his own classic study and why his work
was more successful.
Prehistoric
Animals This Web site offers a description of the evolution of life
on Earth, primarily animals and mostly vertebrates. There are some particularly
interesting sections; for example, see the pages "Lungfish and Coelacanths"
and "Reptiles—the Return to Water."
American
Museum of Natural History Timelines This Web site depicts environments
in North America as they might have been millions of years ago. A description
of the scene is given, pointing out key life forms, and you can click on
the scene to enlarge and explore.
Life
on Mars NASA's recently discovered evidence of possible earlier life
on Mars is presented here. It contains photographs as well as a large collection
of links to other related sites.
Critters,
Critters, Everywhere The discovery of traces of single-celled organisms
in a meteorite from Mars reminds us that life can inhabit some pretty strange
places. On Earth, life has recently been discovered on the ocean floor,
in mile-deep rock, and in temperatures above the boiling point of water.
Evolution
vs.Creationism What's the evidence?
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Online Textbooks and Resources
On-line
Biology Text and Self Tests - Prentice Hall (REGENTS BIO)
Course
Companion for Biology 5th Edition (Campbell, (AP BIO) Make the
most of your studies. Explore a collection of resources correlated to the
book's table of contents.
Biology
On Line Study Guide This online study guide is specifically designed
to accompany the text, Biology, Life on Earth.
HyperTextbook
on Cellular & Molecular Biology Online textbook developed and maintained
by The Experimental Study group of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Kimball's
Biology Pages Hundreds of explainations and links provided by John
W. Kimball, recently retired Harvard and Tufts University professor.
The
Woodrow Wilson National Leadership Program in Biology Since 1991, the
National Leadership Program for Teachers has offered programs in a variety
of biology topics: human ecology, bioethics, biotechnology and genetics.
Although the topics are diverse, there is an underlying perspective common
to all of them. Each residential Core Institute approaches its subject
in an integrative way, focussing on the particular theme but using that
theme to illuminate other areas of biology.
BIODIDAC
A collection of images for teaching biology.
Harvey
Project Consists of web-based materials for an introductory-level human
physiology class.
Internet
Biological Sciences Resources The purpose of this site, provided by
the Califorina State University System, is to consolidate existing WWW
Biological Science teaching and research resources and to create and distribute
original multimedia resources for the teaching of biology. Use their search
engine to find links on diverse subjects in biology.
Biology
Labs On-Line! Biology Labs On-Line offers a series of interactive,
inquiry-based biology simulations and exercises designed for college and
AP high school biology students.
Access
to Excellence Access Excellence, launched in 1993, is a national educational
program that provides high school biology and life science teachers access
to their colleagues, scientists, and critical sources of new scientific
information via the World Wide Web.
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