HISTORY
of
THE 308th INFANTRY
By
L. Wardlaw Miles
1927
Citations Awarded to the 308th Infantry
MEDALS OF HONOR
AWARDED TO MEMBERS OF THE 3o8TH INFANTRY'
BENJAMIN KAUFMAN, first sergeant, Company K, 308th
Infantry. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above
and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy in
the Forest of Argonne, France, October 4, 1918. He took
out a patrol for the purpose of attacking an enemy
machine gun which had checked the advance of his company.
Before reaching the gun he became separated from his
patrol and a machine-gun bullet shattered his right arm.
Without hesitation he advanced on the gun alone, throwing
grenades with his left hand and charging with an empty
pistol, taking one prisoner and scattering the crew,
bringing the gun and prisoner back to the first-aid
station.
GEORGE G. McMURTRY, captain, 3o8th Infantry. For
conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond
the call of duty in action against the enemy at
Charlevaux, in the forest D'Argonne, France, October 2 to
8, 1918. Capt. McMurtry commanded a battalion which was
cut off and surrounded by the enemy, and, although
wounded in the knee by shrapnel on October 4 and
suffering great pain, he continued throughout the entire
period to encourag6 his officers and men with a
resistless optimism that contributed largely toward
preventing panic and disorder among the troops who were,
without food, cut off from communication with our lines.
On October 4, during a heavy barrage, he personally
directed and supervised the moving of the wounded to
shelter before himself seeking shelter. On October 6 he
was again wounded in the shoulder by a German grenade,
but continued personally to organize and direct the
defense against the German attack on the position until
the attack was defeated. He continued to direct and
command his troops, refusing relief, and personally led
his men out of the position after assistance arrived
before permitting himself to be taken to the hospital on
October 8. During this period the successful defense of
the position was due largely to his efforts.
L. WARDLAW MILES, Captain, 308th Infantry. For
conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond
the call of duty in action with the enemy near Revillon,
France, September 14, 1918. Capt. Miles volunteered to
lead his company in a hazardous attack on a commanding
trench position near the Aisne Canal, which other troops
had previously attempted to take without success. His
company immediately met with intense machine-gun fire,
against which it had no artillery assistance, but Capt.
Miles preceded the first wave and assisted in cutting a
passage through the enemy's wire entanglements. In so
doing he was wounded five times by machine-gun bullets,
both legs and one arm being fractured, whereupon he
ordered himself placed on a stretcher and had himself
carried forward to the enemy trench in order that he
might encourage and direct his company, which by this
time had suffered numerous casualties. Under the
inspiration of this officer's indomitable spirit his men
held the hostile position and consolidated the front line
after an action lasting two hours, at the conclusion of
which Capt. Miles was carried to the aid station against
-his will.
FRED E. SMITH, (deceased) lieutenant colonel, 3o8th
Infantry, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above
and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy near
Binarville, France, September 28, 1918. When
communication from the forward regimental post of command
to the battalion leading the advance had been interrupted
temporarily by the infiltration of small parties of the
enemy armed with machine guns, Lieut. Col. Smith
personally led a party Of 2 other officers and 10
soldiers, and went forward to reestablish runner posts
and carry ammunition to the front line. The guide became
confused and the party strayed to the left flank beyond
the outposts of supporting troops, suddenly coming under
fire from a group of enemy machine guns only 50 years
away. Shouting to the other members of his party to take
cover, this officer, in disregard of his own danger, drew
his pistol and opened fire on the German gun crew. About
this time he fell, severely wounded in the side, but,
regaining his footing, he continued to fire on the enemy
until most of the men in his party were out of danger.
Refusing first-aid treatment he then made his way in
plain view of the enemy to a hand-grenade dump and
returned under continued heavy machine-gun fire for the
purpose of making another attack on the enemy
emplacements. As he was attempting to ascertain the exact
location of the nearest nest, he again fell, mortally
wounded.
CHARLES W. WHITTLESEY, major (now lieutenant colonel),
308th Infantry. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity
above and beyond the call of duty in action with the
enemy northeast of Binarville, in the forest D'Argonne,
France, October 2-7, 1918. Although cut off for five days
from the remainder of his division, Maj. Whittlesey
maintained his position, which he had reached under
orders received for an advance, and held his command,
consisting originally Of 463 officers and men of the
3o8th Infantry and of Company K of the 307th Infantry,
together in the face of superior numbers of the enemy,
during the five days. Maj. Whittlesey and his command
were thus cut off, and no rations or other supplies
reached him, in spite of determined efforts which were
made by his division. On the fourth day Maj. Whittlesey
received from the enemy a written proposition to
surrender, which he treated with contempt, although he
was at that time out of rations and had suffered a loss
of about 50 per cent in killed and wounded of his command
and was surrounded by the enemy.
DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSSES
AWARDED TO MEMBERS OF 308TH INFANTRY
EDGAR W. AKERS, second lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For
extra-ordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
September 28, 1918. During the advance in the Argonne
Forest, France, Lieut. Akers, having been severely
wounded, led his platoon in a successful assault on two
machine-gun nests, thereby aiding in the advance -of his
battalion sergeant.
ALBERT E. ANGIER, first lieutenant, 308th Infantry. For
extra-ordinary heroism in action near R6villon, France,
September 14, 1918. Although wounded, he continued to
lead his men in an attack. By his gallant example he
urged them forward through enemy wire to their objective.
Even when mortally wounded he continued to direct the
consolidation of his position, refusing medical attention
in favor of others who had a better chance to live than
himself.
HAROLD BATLEY, private, Company C, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Badonviller, France,
June 24, 1918. Pvt. Bailey, after two patrols had failed,
volunteered and went alone to the grouped combat through
the barrage and brought back information of the highest
value.
WILLIAM V. BAXTER, private, Medical Detachment, 3o8th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Revillon, France, September 8, and in the Argonne
offensive, September 28, 1918. On September 8, Pvt.
Baxter went to the aid of wounded comrades, despite the
deadly fire of rifles and machine guns, and after
administering to them in a shell hole, he carried the men
one at a time to safety. On September 28, after being
painfully wounded, he refused to go to the rear until he
had rendered first aid to a more seriously wounded
comrade.
WILLIAM BEGLEY (Army serial No. 1709131), private,
Company G, 308th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in
action near Charlevaux, France, October 3-6, 1918. When
his battalion was surrounded in the Argonne Forest,
October 3-7, Pvt. Begley took charge of his squad, after
the corporal had been killed, and, despite the fact that
he was wounded in the arm by a machine-gun bullet,
encouraged his men through all the attacks Of the four
days until he was killed, October 6. Next of kin: Mrs.
Margaret Begley, 155 Huntington, Brooklyn, N. Y.
MARTIN BEIFUS (Army serial No. 1710290),
sergeant, Company M, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary
heroism in action near Serval, France, September 12,
1918. During the advance of his platoon he went out
alone, and with a Chauchat rifle and grenades drove the
enemy out of a trench which was later occupied by our
troops. Mortally wounded, he continued to encourage and
direct his men in the work of consolidating the position,
refusing to be evacuated till this work had been
accomplished. Next of kin, Mrs. M. L. Lorance, 5102 Fifth
Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
HERMAN J. BERGASSE, first sergeant, Company A, 3o8th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Binarville, France, September 28, 1918. Assuming command
of the command after his commanding officer had become a
casualty, Sergt. Bergrasse led a formidable attack on an
enemy machine-gun emplacement, silencing two guns in the
nest and permitting the further advance of his battalion.
RAYMOND BLACKBURN, sergeant Company C, 3o8th Infantry,
For extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville,
France, October 2, 1918. He volunteered and led a
reconnaissance patrol, and while returning to his company
commander with his information one of the patrol became
detached and was in danger of being captured by the
enemy. Realizing his comrade's predicament, he rushed to
his aid and rescued him, killing two of the enemy and
dispersing the others.
GEORGE W. BOTELLE (Army serial No. 1682967), private,
Company C, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in
action near Charlevaux Mill, France, October 4, 1918. He
repeatedly carried messages over ground swept by intense
enemy fire. When his battalion had been surrounded and
several other runners had been killed or wounded in the
attempt, he volunteered to carry a message through the
enemy lines to the regimental post of command, being
severely wounded in the performance of this mission. Home
address: Mrs. Annie Botelle, grandmother, Lakeside Conn.
JAMES W. BRAGG, private, Medical Detachment, 308th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Binarville, France, October 2-7, 1918. He was on duty
with a detachment of his regiment which was cut off and
surrounded by the enemy in the Argonne Forest, France,
for five days. Though he was without food throughout this
period, he continued to render first aid to the wounded,
exposing himself to heavy shell and machine-gun fire at
the risk of his life until he was completely exhausted.
LUCIEN S. BRECKINRIDGE, captain, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Grand Pr6, France,
October 14, 1918-All the bridges over the Meuse River
having been destroyed by artillery fire, Capt.
Breckinridge, who had been ordered to cross the river
with his battalion, personally reconnoitered the banks of
the river in utter disregard for his own safety until he
found a ford. He then led his command across
the stream under intense machine-gun and artillery fire
and established a position on the heights of the opposite
bank. Home address: Mrs. Lucien S. Breckinridge (wife),
io West Eleventh Street, New York, N. Y.
CLIFFORD R. BROWN, private, Company C, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville,
France, October 2-7, 1918. During the time when his
company was isolated in the Argonne Forest and cut off
from communication with friendly troops Pvt. Brown,
together with another soldier, volunteered to carry a
message through the German lines, although he was aware
that several unsuccessful attempts had been previously
made by patrols, the members of which were either killed,
wounded, or driven back. By his courage and determination
he succeeded in delivering the message and brought relief
to his battalion.
HAROLD BROWN, (Army serial No. 3130988), private, Company
D, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action
near Charlevaux, France, October 4, 1918. When the first
two battalions of his regiment had been surrounded by the
enemy, Pvt. Brown volunteered to accompany a patrol for
the purpose of establishing liaison with the forward
troops, knowing from the fate of previous patrols that
the mission would probably prove fatal. He was killed as
the patrol was attempting unsuccessfully to reach the
forward battalions. Next of kin, Mrs. Grace G. Brown
(wife), 261o I Street, Bakersfield, Calif.
KENNETH P. BUDD, major, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary
heroism in action near Ville Savoye, France, August 16,
1918. Although his post of command was subjected to
continuous and concentrated gas attacks, and despite the
fact that he was severely gassed during the bombardment
-he refused to be evacuated, remaining for three days to
personally super, intend the relief of his battalion and
the removal to the rear of men who had been gassed.
JAMES CADDLE (Army serial No. 1680035), private, Company
B, 308th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action
near Ville Savoye, France, August 23-25, 1918. Pvt.
Caddle, a battalion runner, displayed exceptional bravery
in carrying numerous messages under heavy artillery fire
to the front-line positions, crossing the Vesle River and
proceeding for more than a kilometer in plain view of the
enemy, over terrain which was continually bombarded with
gas and high-explosive shells. Home address: Mrs. Walter
J. Caddle (mother), 61 West Ninety-eighth Street, New
York, N. Y.
CARMEN CALBI (Army serial No. 1709580), sergeant, Company
I, 308th Infantry, 78th Division. For extraordinary
heroism in action near Grand Pre, France, October 14,
1918. Sergt. Calbi, with two others, made a flank attack
upon an enemy machine-gun nest. He rushed through enemy
machine-gun fire and captured the gun. Residence at
enlistment: 201 East Seventy-fourth Street, Now York, N.
Y.
WILLIAM CALLAHAN, sergeant, Company E, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near R6villon,
France, September 9, 1918. In order to clean out an enemy
machine-gun nest which was holding up the advance of his
company, Sergt. Callahan volunteered and, with an
officer, crawled through the enemy wire into his lines,
killed two of the enemy, and, although their position was
discovered and the area was swept by machine-gun fire, he
remained with the officer, killed an enemy machine gunner
and drove another away with his gun, and finally returned
with information concerning the enemy positions.
ROBERT GUNN CARLISLE, second lieutenant, Company L, 3o8th
Infantry, 77th Division. For extraordinary heroism in
action near San Juvin, France, October 14, 1918. After
his platoon had suffered very heavy casualties, Lieut.
Carlisle led a group of eight men on a reconnaissance
along the Aire River. Encountering enemy machine-gun
fire, he gallantly led his group in the attack and
completely silenced the enemy fire. Due, in part, to his
heroism, his organization was able to cross the Aire
River on the following day. Residence at appointment:
Aberdeen, Miss.
EDWARD CARTER, sergeant, Company I, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Grand Pre, France,
October 14, 1918. When his company was halted by
machine-gun fire which threatened to wipe out the entire
company, Sergt. Carter led a patrol and charged the nest,
and was successful not only in cleaning out the
stronghold but in enabling his company to command a more
favorable position.
PHILIP CEPAGLIA, private, Company C, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France.
October 2-8, 1918. Pvt. Cepaglia was on duty as a
battalion runner during the period of six days in which
his own and another battalion were surrounded by the
enemy in the Argonne Forest, France, and cut off from
communication with friendly troops. Although he was
without food and toward the end of the period almost
exhausted, this soldier carried messages to all parts of
the position. Constantly under heavy fire from machine
guns and trench mortars, he showed an utter disregard for
his own personal safety.
ENOCH CHRISTIANSON, private, first class, Company A,
308th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Binarville, France, October 1, 1918. When the advance of
his platoon had been checked by enemy machine-gun fire,
Private Christianson deliberately exposed himself to
sniper fire in order to locate the position of the sniper
who had caused several casualties in his platoon.
THOMAS C. COLLEY, first lieutenant, Company A, 3o8th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Stonne, France, November 6, 1918. Though wounded, he
voluntarily went through shell fire and gave first aid to
wounded members of his platoon, thereby receiving
additional wounds.
JAMES H. COLLINS, private, Company L, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action west of St. Juvin,
France, October 16, 19 18. Pvt. Collins, with another
soldier, volunteered to cross a level open space for 6oo
yards, swept by converging machine-gun fire, to deliver a
message to the front line, undeterred by the knowledge
that six other soldiers had been wounded in a similar
attempt. Crawling from one shell hole to another, he
succeeded in reaching the front line and delivering the
message.
ROBBINS L. CONN, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For
extra-ordinary heroism in action near R6villon, France,
September 10, 1918. Lieut. Conn volunteered and, with two
soldiers, went on a patrol for the purpose of capturing
prisoners. They crawled forward to within a few yards of
the enemy lines, overpowered two sentries, and succeeded
in delivering them to the battalion commander, despite
the fact that the enemy put down a heavy barrage of rifle
fire and rifle grenades.
FRANCIS CONSIDINE, private, first class, Company A, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near La.
Harazee, France, September 26, 1918. As acting corporal,
Pvt. Considine was in charge of a group which ran upon an enemy
machine-gun nest in a swamp. Although wounded in one foot by a
machine-gun bullet and in the other foot by a grenade, he continued to
hold his post and encouraged his men until assistance came.
LEROY G. CRONKHITE, second lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville,
France, September 28-October 1, 1918. In the face of
heavy machine-gun fire, Lieut. Cronkhite went forward to
within hand-grenade range of the enemy lines and brought
back to shelter a soldier who had been severely wounded.
Later in the day he went out alone and located a
dangerous machine-gun nest, which was thereupon
destroyed. Although wounded, Lieut. Cronkhite refused to
be evacuated until October 1, when he was ordered to the
hospital by the battalion commander. Home address, Mrs.
Minnie E. Cronkhite (mother) Selah, Wash.
WILLIAM J. CULLEN, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 2-8, 1918. During the advance of his regiment
through the Forest of Argonne, France, Lieut. Cullen led
his company, under intense concentration of machine-gun
fire, to the day's objective, steadying his men and
directing the organization and entrenchment of his
position. During the period in which part of the regiment
was cut off by the. enemy, he continued to visit his
posts and encourage his men under intense concentrations
of trench-mortar and machine-gun fire, effectively
directing the repulse of attacks on his position. On
October 4-5-6 this officer, observing friendly airplanes,
left his shelter and went out into a cleared space in
plain view of the enemy and under intense machine-gun
fire signaled the position to the airplanes. During all
this critical time when his company, as well as the
battalion, was entirely without food for five days, he
displayed coolness, good judgment, and efficiency,
furnishing an inspiring example to his men. His gallantry
in action contributed materially to the holding of the
left flank and the successful resistance made by his
battalion.
FORTUNATO Di PASQUALE (Army serial No. 168o69o), private,
Company D. 3o8th Infantry, 77th Division. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Ville Savoye, August
13, 1918. During the attack of his company to regain
ground in the outpost zone on the Vesle River, Private Di
Pasquale found himself holding an important post on the
left flank of the company. He advanced across a railroad
track in the face of terrific machine-gun fire from the
high bank beyond the railroad cut, and, undaunted by
enemy fire and with great courage, climbed half way up
the steep railroad embankment and aided materially to the
success of his company in driving the enemy from their
machine-gun emplacement. Private Di Pasquale was killed
as he made this advance. Next of kin -Mrs. Josephine
Marbila, sister, Archibald, Pa. Residence at enlistment:
2o9 Eleventh Street, Niagara Falls, N. Y.
WOODRUFF W. DOBSON, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near le Moulin, de
l'Homme Mort, France, September 29, 1918. He volunteered
and reconnoitered in front of the first-line battalion to
secure information regarding enemy machine guns and
minnenwerfers which had checked the advance of his
organization. He was wounded by a sniper's bullet as he
crawled back from this reconaissance, but refused to
submit to first aid until he made his report to the
battalion commander and informed his men of the enemy's
position.
JAMES DOLAN, corporal, Company G, 3o8th Infantry. For
extra-ordinary heroism in action near Charlevaux, France.
October 3-7, 1918. He was very severely wounded while in
charge of his automatic rifle section, which was a unit
of a surrounded battalion. After receiving first aid, he
resumed his post and remained in command of his section
until the
battalion was relieved.
WALTER P. DONOGHUE (Army serial No. 17o8284), sergeant,
Company D, 3o8th Infantry, 77th Division. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Moulin de
Charlevaux, in the Argonne Forest, France, October 6,
1918. He was sent out on a patrol to investigate
machine-gun fire from the left flank and to the rear of
his company's position, and was wounded in the left leg
by shrapnel fragments. Upon reporting back to his company
commander he refused to be evacuated, but insisted in
taking an active and gallant part in four subsequent
attacks made to reach a battalion of our troops who were
cut off and surrounded by a superior force of the enemy.
Home address: 2412 Marion Avenue, New York, N. Y.
RUSSELL L. DuBOIS, private, first class, Medical
Detachment, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in
action near Ville Savoye, France, August 20, 1918.
Although suffering acutely from the effects of mustard
gas, he refused to be evacuated because of the great need
of medical attention among his comrades. For three days
he remained at his post, and only went to the rear when
ordered to do so by his commanding officer.
JAMES EAST, sergeant, Company A, 308th Infantry. For
extra-ordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
September 29, 1918. He volunteered and guided three
wounded men to a first-aid station through machine-gun
fire. He was wounded while on this mission, but, learning
that his company was to make an advance, refused to be
evacuated and returned to duty, bringing important
information as to the enemy positions.
LEO ENGLANDER (Army serial No. 1708449), private, Company
D, 3o8th Infantry, 77th Division. For extraordinary
heroism in action on the Vesle River, near Ville Savoye,
France, August 23, 1918. He volunteered to go out into No
Man's Land to bring in a comrade from his platoon who had
been seriously wounded and unable to move. Private
Englander reached the man and was about to carry him to
safety when he was killed by enemy machine-gun fire. His
heroism was an inspiration to the members of his
company. Next of kin: Mrs. Sadie Englander Liswood,
sister, 8101 Twentieth Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Residence
at enlistment: 6o Second Ave., New York, N. Y.
CARMINE FELITTO, corporal, Company D, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 4, 1918. When his platoon leader and a small
detachment of men were surrounded by the enemy and
subjected to a terrific artillery and machine-gun fire,
Corpl. Felitto volunteered and brought a message from his
lieutenant to the company commander, bravely making his
way through the enemy's lines, despite the fact that he
had seen other men killed while making the attempt. He
brought the first message from the detachment, which had
been cut off from the company for 18 hours.
JOHN VINCENT FLOOD, second lieutenant, 308th Infantry,
77th Division. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Badonviller, France, June 24, 1918. After being severely
wounded he continued to direct his platoon with great
courage and determination. Residence at appointment: 254
East Sixtieth Street, New York, N. Y.
GEORGE FOX, corporal (1708954), Company F, 3o8th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near St.
Juvin, France, October 15, 1918. Corpl. Fox exposed
himself to machine-gun fire to rescue a wounded comrade
who lay in an exposed position. While crawling out to
bring in his comrade he was under direct enemy
observation and bursts of machine-gun fire.
JOSEPH FRIEL, private, Company A, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 2-5, 1918. He Was on duty as a battalion runner
during the period of six days in which his own and
another battalion were surrounded by the enemy in the
Argonne Forest, France, and cut off from communication
with friendly troops. Although he was without food and,
toward the end of the period, almost exhausted, this
soldier carried messages to all parts of the position.
Constantly under heavy fire from machine guns and trench
mortars, he showed an utter disregard for his own
personal safety. On the night of October 5, 1918, he was
sent to carry a message through the enemy Hnes..-.1 to
regimental headquarters. Several other attempts had been
made, as this soldier knew, which had resulted in the
death or capture of the runners. He made the attempt, but
was killed in the performance of his mission by 1, the
enemy fire.
JACK D. GEHRIS, private, first class, Medical Detachment,
308th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Binarville, France, October 2 and 5, 1918. Under a heavy
enemy barrage he went to the rescue of two severely
wounded men and carried them to a place offering scant
shelter, where they were forced to remain until aid
arrived the next mom-; ing. On October 5, 1918, when a
shell struck his first-aid station, killing two and
wounding five others, he, although wounded, administered
first aid to his comrades before receiving medical
attention for himself.
RAYMOND GILL, sergeant, Company D, 3o8th Infantry. For
ex-traordinary heroism in action near Ville'Savoye,
France, August 24, x9t8. During the advance of his
company across the Vesle River, Sergt. Gili, disregarding
severe wounds, insisted on leading a patrol to capture a
sniper who was occupying a formidable position to fire on
our men. While on this precarious mission he was killed.
ALFRED S. GRIFFITHS, captain, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Ville Savoye,
France, August 18, 1918. While suffering from the effects
of gas, Capt. Griffiths led a liaison patrol to the
flanking battalion across an open slope and under direct
enemy observation, exposed during the whole journey to
terrific artillery and machine-gun fire. He remained on
duty as battalion adjutant, after all other officers had
been evacuated because of the effects of gas, although he
had been rendered temporarily speechless and blind by a
severe gassing.
SAMUEL D. GROBTUCK, private, first class, Company K,
3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Ville Savoye, France, August 22, 1918. While carrying a
message to his battalion commander, asking for
reinforcements, he passed through the village of Ville
Savoye, filled with mustard gas, and was killed by shell
fire while crossing an open field under direct
observation of the enemy.
ROBERT K. HAAS, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near R6villon, France,
September 10, 1918. During the attack on Revillon Lieut.
Haas voluntarily left his shelter and went across an open
slope in full observation of the enemy and under heavy
machine-gun fire to the aid of a wounded soldier,
bringing him back to our lines for first-aid treatment.
JEREMIAH HEALEY, sergeant, Company G, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Charlevaux, France,
October 3-7, 1918. Although wounded on the third day of
the battle in the Argonne Forest, Sergt. Healey
continually exposed himself to machine-gun and artillery
fire while aiding and cheering his men. He also
volunteered his services in an attempt to break through
the enemy lines and bring aid to his organization.
PATRICK HENDRICHS, private, Company C, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Badonviller,
France, June 24, 1918. After being wounded he continued
to work his automatic rifle until it was destroyed. He
then secured a rifle and continued to fight, and later
assisted other wounded before having his own wound
dressed.
JACK HERSCHKOWITZ, private, Company C, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville,
France, September 29, 1918. In order to obtain ammunition
and rations, Private Herschkowitz, with another soldier,
accompanied an officer in an effort to reestablish
communication between battalion and regimental
headquarters. They were attacked by a small party of
Germans, but drove them off, killing one. When night came
they crawled unknowingly into the center of a German
camp, where they lay for three hours undetected. Finally
discovered, they made a dash to escape. In order to
protect the officer, Private Herschkowitz deliberately
drew the enemy fire to himself, allowing the officer to
escape. Private Herschkowitz succeeded in getting through
and delivering his message the next morning.
EUGENE W. HORTON (Army serial No. 1709854), private,
first class, Company K, 3o8th Infantry, 77th Division.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Ville Savoye,
France, August 22, 1918. When his company was attacked by
greatly superior numbers of the enemy, Pvt. Horton
continued to operate his automatic rifle although exposed
to heavy machine-gun fire. His gallant conduct was a
material factor in the successful repulse of the enemy
who were endeavoring to turn the flank of his
organization. Residence at enlistment: 18 Lawrence
Street, New York, N. Y.
ALGOT JOHNSON, private, Company A, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Ville Savoye,
France, August 26, 1918. Under heavy fire from the enemy,
Pvt. Johnson, accompanied by one man, crossed the Vesle
River and silenced a machine gun, which was causing heavy
casualties in his company. They killed one gunner and
wounded the other.
HENRY KESSLER, private, Company C, 3o8th Infantry. For
ex-traordinary heroism in action near Ville Savoye,
France, August 23, 1918. He was the first to respond to a
call for volunteers to rescue a wounded soldier who had
fallen severely wounded while on a patrol. Crawling
for-ward through intense machine-gun and artillery fire,
he assisted in the rescue, being severely wounded while
engaged in the undertaking.
IRVING KLEIN, corporal, Company A, 3o8th Infantry. For
repeated acts of extraordinary heroism in action near
Binarville, France, September 29, 1918, and Charlevaux,
France, October 3-7, 1918. On September 29, after
locating the position of three enemy machine guns, he
succeeded in silencing one, took up a position against
the other two under intense shell fire, and sent back
information to his company commander which made it
possible to clean out the entire nest. On October 3,
although wounded seriously, he continued to assist his
men in repulsing the attack of an enemy patrol.
PAUL R. KNIGHT, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 3-5, 1918. Although he had been twice wounded, he
led his company in four attempts to cut through a heavy
barbed-wire entanglement to capture Hill 205 in the
Forest of Argonne, France, in order to reach two
battalions of his regiment which had been cut off by the
enemy.
STANISLAW KOSIKOWSKI, private, Company C, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville,
France, October 2-7, 19x8. During the time when his
company was isolated in the Argonne Forest and cut off
from communication with friendly troops, Pvt.
Kosikow-ski, together with another soldier, volunteered
to carry a message through the German lines, although he
was aware that several unsuccessful attempts had been
previously made by patrols, the members of which were
either killed, wounded, or driven back. By his courage
and determination he succeeded in delivering the message
and brought relief to his battalion.
ANTHONY J. KRUGER, sergeant, Company K, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Wilhelmplatz,
France, September 29, 1918. He was ordered to take his
platoon and capture a machine gun which was holding up
the advance of the company and causing many casualties.
Armed with an automatic pistol, he, without hesitation
and with utter disregard for his personal safety, charged
the machine gun, stopping only when he was rendered
unconscious by two bullet wounds in the neck.
ORIE H. LA CROIX (Army serial No. 1683636), corporal,
Company A, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in
action near Binarville, France, October 1, 1918. When his
company commander and first sergeant had been wounded, he
rallied the company and continued the advance fearlessly
exposing himself to hostile fire and inspiring the men
with him by his courage. Home address: Mrs. Adeline La
Croix, 6 Park Circle, Milford, Conn.
JOHN C. LENAHAN, private, Company M, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Grand Pre, France,
October 14, 1918. When his company was ordered to take a
position along the river bank, ,under heavy machine-gun
and artillery fire, Private Lenahan, acting first
sergeant, made his way from flank to flank, supervising
the disposition of the troops. Despite serious wounds
received, he completed his mission and reported to his
company commander, dying shortly after from the effects
of his wounds.
HARRY LINDEN, sergeant, Company H, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near Ville Savoye,
France, August 16, 1918. After all his company officers
and first sergeant had been evacuated because of gas,
Sergt. Linden assumed command of the company, which was
then occupying an extremely precarious position, exposed
to an unusually heavy shell and gas bombardment. He
remained in command until the company was relieved, and
the following night, despite his sufferings from the
effects of gas, helped carry up ammunition under intense
enemy artillery fire.
IRVING LOUIS LINER, private, Company D, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville,
France, October 2-7, 1918. He was a battalion runner,
when his battalion was surrounded by the enemy in the
forest of Argonne and cut off from communication with
friendly troops. He carried messages with great
cheerfulness under conditions of stress and under heavy
machine-gun and shell fire, at a time when he was
exhausted by exposure and hunger, being without food for
five days.
ALLAN J. MAcDOUGALL, captain, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Rdvillon, France,
September 9, 1918. Capt. MacDougall voluntarily assumed
command of a patrol of three men to locate enemy lines
and gun positions. Crawling through withering machine-gun
fire to within 2o yards of the enemy lines, he
encountered two Germans on outpost, whom be killed.
Remaining exposed to the enemy for an hour, Capt.
MacDougall killed a machine gunner who attempted to take
a position in front of him. His entire mission was
harassed by perilous machine-gun fire and a constant
hand-grenade bombardment.
ARTHUR F. McKEOGH, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry, 77th
Division. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Binarville, France, September 29, 1918. In order to
obtain ammunition and rations, Lieut. McKeogh,
accompanied by two enlisted men, attempted to reestablish
communication between battalion and regimental
headquarters. When night came they crawled unknowingly
into the center of a German camp, where they lay over
three hours undetected. Finally discovered, they made a
dash to escape, and Lieut. McKeogh, in order to protect
his men, deliberately drew the enemy fire upon himself.
He succeeded, however, in getting through the enemy
lines, delivered his message, and effected the
reestablishment of communication. Residence at
appointment: 62 East Ninety-third Street, New York, N. Y.
THOMAS F. MARONEY, corporal, Company C, 308th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Badonviller,
France, June 24, x918. Although wounded while bringing up
ammunition for his automatic rifle team, Corpl. Maroney
stayed with his men, encouraging and directing them.
. HOWARD F. MERCER, first sergeant, Company C, 3o8th
Infantry; For extraordinary heroism in action near
Stonne, France, November 6, 1918. Voluntarily leading a
patrol for a flank attack on the town of Stonne, through
unusual artillery fire and exacting machine-gun fire,
Sergt. Mercer, leaving his patrol, went forward alone to
draw fire from the nests in order to divert the enemy's
attention from the attacking patrol.
HENRY MILLER, private, Company E, 3o8th Infantry. I For extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 3, 1918. When his company had been cut off from
communication and exposed to intense shell and
machine-gun fire, Private Miller observed and attacked an
enemy sniper, silencing further fire from that source.
While attempting to return he was killed by machine-gun
fire.
FORNEY B. MINTZ, sergeant, Company A, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in
action near Binarville, France,
September 28, 1918. Sergt. Mintz in command of a platoon,
worked his way through the enemy rear guard and captured
five machine guns and an ammunition-carrying party.
Although badly wounded when an organized position of the
enemy was encountered, he made his way back to request
reinforcements and brought with him two German prisoners,
from whom valuable information was obtained.
JOHN J. MONSON, private, Company A, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
September 29, z918. In order to obtain ammunition and
rations, Private Monson, with another soldier,
accompanied an officer in an effort to reestablish
communication between battalion and regimental
headquarters. They were attacked by a small party of
Germans, but drove them off, killing one. When night
came, they crawled unknowingly into the center of a
German camp, where they lay for three hours, undetected.
Finally discovered, they made a dash to escape. In order
to protect the officer, Private Monson deliberately drew
the enemy fire to himself, allowing the officer to
escape. Private Monson succeeded in getting through and
delivering his message the next morning.
CARL MULRAIN (Army serial No. 1676239), private, Company
D, 3o8th Infantry, 77th Division. For extraordinary
heroism in action near Ville Savoye, France, August 23,
1918. While the 1st Battalion of his regi-ment was making
an attack to regain ground from the enemy in the outpost
zone along the Vesle River, Private Mulrain continued to
advance when he discovered that three enemy machine guns
occupied the high ground in front of him. With great
courage and utter disregard for his own safety he
continued to go forward in the face of concentrated enemy
machine-gun fire, thus helping materially to force the
enemy to evacuate his machine-gun emplacement, though
himself killed by a machine-gun bullet. Next of kin: Miss
Maude Lawrence, aunt, A Street, New Village,
Whitinsville, Mass. Residence at enlistment: Main Street,
Uxbridge, Mass.
JAMES F. NASH, private, Company K, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Ville Savoye,
France, August 22, 1917. While his company was attacked
by greatly superior numbers of the enemy, Private Nash
continued to operate his automatic rifle, even after
having been wounded three times in the chest. After the
attacking force had been driven off, he refused the use
of a litter in favor of a comrade whom he thought more
seriously wounded than himself.
ARTHUR NORWAT, sergeant, Company M, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Revillon, France, September 14-15,
1918. On September 14 he advanced ahead of his company and with an
automatic rifle single handed silenced an enemy machine-gun nest,
capturing the gunner. On the following day, after having assumed command
because of the fact that all officers had become casualties, he
assembled 13 men and led them in a charge against superior forces of the
enemy, recapturing a
trench which shortly before had been taken by the enemy.
HOLGAR PETERSON (Army serial No. 1709 115), corporal,
Company G, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in
action near Charlevaux, France, October 3-7, 1918. While
leading a scouting party, Corpl. Peterson encountered an
enemy patrol and displayed exceptional courage and
leadership in killing the officer and two soldiers who
composed it. He repeatedly volunteered for dangerous
patrol work with great bravery and aggressiveness until
he was killed. Home address: Mrs. Catherine Peterson
(wife), 26 West Thirty-eighth Street, New York, N. Y.
FRANK POLLINGER, private, Company G, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near Charlevaux, France,
October 3-7, 19 18. During the period of four days, when
his battalion was surrounded by the enemy and after his
squad leader had been wounded, Pvt. Pollinger took
command of the squad, although he himself was suffering
from a wound received four days previous. His indomitable
courage and perseverance upheld the spirit and morale of
his men under such trying circumstances and he continued
to direct their movements until forced out of action by a
second wound.
JOSEPH J. POWERS, sergeant, Company E, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near St. Juvin,
France, October 15, 1918-After four men had been killed
or wounded, while attempting to deliver a message from
the company commander to the rear, Sergt. Powers
volunteered and carried the message through area swept
by machine-gun fire with no regard for his personal
safety.
JOSIAH ALVIN POWLESS, first lieutenant, Medical
Detachment, 3o8th Infantry, 77th Division. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Chevieres, France,
October 14, 1918. When notified that his colleague, Capt.
James M. McKibben, had been wounded, Lieut. Powless
immediately went forward to his assistance. He crossed an
area subjected to intense machine-gun and constant
Artillery fire, reached his colleague, whose wound proved
to be fatal, and after dressing his wounds had him
carried to the rear. Lieut. Powless was seriously wounded
while performing this service. Nearest relative; Mrs.
Josiah A. Powless, wife, Route No. 2, West DePere, Wis.
Residence at appointment: Route No. 2, West DePere, Wis.
CHARLES P. RILEY, sergeant, Company I, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Grand Pr6,
France, October 14-, 1918. When his company was halted by
machine-gun fire which threatened to wipe out his entire
number, Sergt. Riley led a patrol and charged the nest, and was
successful not only in cleaning out the stronghold but in enabling his company to command a more
favorable position.
ARTHUR HARRISON ROBINSON, first lieutenant, 3o8th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near Ville
Savoye, France, August 22, 1918. Under a screen of dense
fog and the smoke of a heavy barrage, the Germans set up
a machine gun within 30 yards of the flank of Lieut.
Robinson's company. The Germans opened up a deadly fire
as the fog lifted, but Lieut. Robinson attacked the
position with grenades and drove off the enemy. He then
turned the gun on the advancing Germans, completely
breaking up their counterattack.
PATRICK ROCHFORD, private, Company L, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action west of St. Juvin,
France, October 16, 19
Pvt. Rochford, with another soldier, volunteered to cross
a level open space for 6oo yards swept by converging
machine-gun fire to deliver a message to the front line,
undeterred by the knowledge that six other soldiers had
been wounded in a similar attempt. Crawling from one
shell hole to another, he succeeded in reaching the front
line and delivering the message.
HARRY ROGERS, second lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 2-6, 1918. He was in command of a detachment
comprising part of two battalions which were cut off and
surrounded by the enemy in the Argonne Forest, France.
During the days of the isolation from friendly troops,
he was on the exposed flank without food. Although under
a heavy concentration of fire from enemy machine guns and
snipers, by his personal example of calmness he kept his
men in order and helped repel counterattacks. This
intrepid officer was killed in action October 6, 1918.
HAAKON ROSSUM, corporal, Company G, 308th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Charlevaux, France,
October 3-7 , ~9~8.
During the five days that his battalion was cut off and
surrounded by the enemy and throughout these five days of
hunger, suffering, and enemy attacks Corpl. Rossum,
commanded an advanced outpost in a position exposed to
each hostile onslaught. He was subjected constantly to
fire from snipers, machine guns, trench mortars, and hand
grenades. By his high courage, personal example, and
inspiring leadership he defeated all attempts of the
enemy to force his post back, and by so doing aided
materially in the defense of his section of the line.
JOSEPH SAUER, corporal, Company F, 3o8th Infantry. For
extra-ordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 2, 1918. He volunteered in the face of heavy
enemy machine-gun fire to deliver a message to a platoon
sergeant who was leading an attack on enemy machine-gun
nests. He was wounded in one leg just as he started and
was wounded in the other leg before reaching the
sergeant, but did, by calling aloud, deliver the message
verbally and accurately.
GORDON L. SCHENCK, second lieutenant, Company C, 3o8th Infantry, 77th Division. For extraordinary heroism in
action in the Argonne Forest, near Binarville, France,
October 3 to 7, 1918. While his battalion was surrounded
by the enemy, Lieut. Schenck, by his heroic conduct,
while repulsing frequent enemy attacks, inspired his
command. Fearlessly exposing himself to fire, he seized
his rifle and ran to the top of a bank in front of his
company's position where he was able to throw hand
grenades at the enemy, until killed by an enemy shell.
Emergency address: Mrs. Charles N. Schenck, mother, 113
Cambridge Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Address at appointment:
37 Wall Street, New York, N. Y.
RICHARD B. SHERIDAN, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry.
For extraordinary heroism in action near Ville Savoye,
France, August 23, 1918. While leading his platoon in
attack Lieut. Sheridan had one of his legs badly
shattered by shell fire. Refusing evacuation he remained
to direct the movements of his men until he died.
IRVING SIROTA, private, first class, Medical Department,
3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Binarville, France,, October 2-7, 1918. He was on duty
with a detachment of his regiment which was cut off and
surrounded by the enemy in the forest of Argonne. During
this period he was without food but he continued to
assist and give first aid to the wounded, exposing
himself to heavy shell and machine-gun fire at the risk
of his life, until he was completely exhausted.
SIDNEY SMITH, private, Company H, 3o8th Infantry. For
extra-ordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 2-8, 1918. When his company had been cut off from
communication he, though seriously wounded, refused to
seek shelter. He participated in several attacks with
courage and aggressiveness, using his rifle very
effectively and encouraging his comrades. When relief
came he walked back to the dressing station, so that
medical attention could first be given to the more
seriously wounded.
WILLIAM 0. SULLIVAN, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near Chevieres,
France, October 14, 1918. After his company commander had
been seriously wounded and he himself wounded in the head
by a machine-gun bullet, Lieut. Sullivan continued to
lead and encourage his men until wounded the second time.
He then continued in command of the company until ordered
to be evacuated by his battalion commander.
ALBERT E. SUMMERS (Army serial No. 1679686), private,
Company H, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in
action in the Argonne Forest, France, October 6, 1918. In
the face of direct machine-gun fire be left cover and
went out 100 yards to rescue a wounded soldier. Dragging
the wounded man back to his funk hole, he gave him first
aid, and then again exposing himself to enemy fire
obtained water for him. He showed utter disregard for
personal danger in aiding other wounded men in addition
to performing his duties as scout. Home address: James
Summers, father, Bristol, Bedminster, England.
WLADYSLAW TABARA (serial No. 1710369), private, Company
M, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action
near Rievillon, France, September 13, 1918. With a companion he
determined the location of a machine gun
which had checked the advance of his company, and,
advancing ahead of the company, made a sudden rush from
the flank, killed, wounded, or captured the entire crew,
and captured four machine guns.
JAMES TAPPEN, private, first class, Company D, 3o8th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Binarville, France, September 28, 1918. He pushed forward
alone against several enemy snipers who were causing many
casualties among his comrades. He killed two of snipers,
but was killed while attempting to capture the third
sniper.
BENJAMIN E. TRERISE (Army serial No. 17o8988), first
sergeant, Company F, 3o8th Infantry, 78th Division. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 4, 1918, and near St. Juvin, October 15, 1918.
During an attack in the Argonne Forest, October 4, 1918,
Sergt. Trerise was wounded in five places by shrapnel. Although in need
of medical attention, he refused to be evacuated but remained, steadying his men and holding
his unit intact. On October 15, after two attempts at
rescue of a wounded man had failed, he advanced through
heavy enemy fire and brought the wounded man to shelter.
Residence at enlistment: 108 West Eighty-fourth Street,
New York, N. Y.
CHARLES W. TURNER, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near Binarville, France,
October 6, 1918.
Surrounded by enemy machine guns and snipers and under
heavy shell fire, he refused to surrender, but held his
position with extraordinary heroism and total disregard
for his own life until he and all his detachment were
killed.
JOSEPH USAC, private, first class, Company A, 3o8th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Binarville, France, September 27, 1918. Returning to the
line, after being wounded by a hand grenade the previous
day, Pvt. Usac persistently requested to be allowed to
assist stretcher bearers in the removal of the wounded.
While performing this heroic mission, constantly
subjected to treacherous machine-gun and artillery fire,
he was again wounded.
EDWIN T. VAN DUZER, private, first class, Company K,
3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Ville Savoye, France, August 22, 1918. He was a member of
a combat liaison group which was attacked by liquid fire.
Although severely burned, he alone charged the flame
thrower and put him out of action, after which he
reassembled his men and continued on duty until relieved.
JOSEPH VEDILAGO, corporal, Company A, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism ia action near Binarville, France,
September 28, 1918. He crawled from his shelter to get an
automatic rifle after the members of the rifle team had
been killed or wounded, and with this weapon continued in
the advance until he was killed by shell fragments.
FRANCIS W. WAGNER, JR., sergeant, Company C, 3o8th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Badonviller, France, June 24, 1918. He was found badly
wounded in the neck and legs, crawling back to bring up
support to his position.
CHARLES W. WHITING, private, Headquarters Company, 3o8th
Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near
Barbonval, France, September 10, 1918. He had charge of
maintaining a telephone line from Barbonval to Blanzy.
The line was under direct observation of the enemy, and
the appearance of a lineman was the immediate occasion
for shelling by the enemy with field artillery and
1-pounders. He stuck to his work repairing break after
break until he was mortally wounded by the enemy shell
fire.
CLINTON L. WHITING, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary heroism in action near La Harazee, France,
September 26-28, 1918- During the advance in the Argonne
Forest Lieut. Whiling exposed himself fearlessly to enemy
machine-gun and sniper fire while leading his men and
consolidating his position, which was in a marsh covered
with wire grass and stunted brush. He continued to lead
his men with utter disregard for personal danger until he
fell seriously wounded by a machine-gun bullet on the
afternoon of September 28 near Binarville. Home address:
D. Clinton Whiting (father), 21 Fulton Street, New York,
N. Y.
MEREDITH WOOD, first lieutenant, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Badonviller, France,
June 30, and near Chery-Chartreuve, France, August 24,
1918. On the first date, accompanied by only one
noncommissioned officer, Lieut. Wood, acting as signal
officer, penetrated the enemy's front line, and bravely
patroled their territory, following a wire which was
thought to lead to a listening post. He cut the wire and
returned to our lines with valuable information. On
August 24, when a direct hit was made on the building
occupied by regi-mental headquarters, he was severely
gassed when he removed his mask to aid a mortally wounded
soldier and to search for others who might have been
overcome.
IRVING WOOLF, private, Company I, 3o8th Infantry. For
extraordinary heroism in action near Revillon, France,
September 10, 1918. Volunteering to serve on a patrol for
the purpose of capturing prisoners, Pvt. Woolf crawled
forward to a sentry Post 25 yards from the enemy lines.
Overpowering two sentries, he started back under a heavy
barrage of rifle grenades and rifle fire, and ignoring
his great danger, he successfully delivered his prisoners
to the battalion commander.
ERNEST WORNEK (Army serial No. 3137861), private, first
class, Company G, 3o8th Infantry. For extraordinary
heroism in action near Moulin de Charlevaux, France,
October 3, 1918. Facing heavy machine-gun and rifle fire,
he went out alone and rescued a soldier who had been
wounded in advance of our lines while on a patrol. Home
address: Mrs. E. B. Baker, mother, Mackey, Idaho.